alive.process.referral@1.0.0
Screening referral and navigation process
Boundary
Contact attempts, booking, reminder, attendance. No clinical results, rescheduling, transport, insurance or eligibility rules.
Assumptions
- Each person has a fixed per-attempt reach probability; attempts are independent given it.
- A missed appointment closes the referral (no rebooking).
- With an intervention, automated outreach is tried first; staff are the fallback.
Limitations
- Completion here means 'attended in the model', not screening performed or any health outcome.
Known failure regimes
- Programs with rebooking loops, multi-step diagnostics or capacity-limited clinics.
Parameters
| Name | Default | Provenance |
|---|---|---|
max_attemptsContact attempts before giving up. | 6 attempts | synthetic assumption Protocol choice. With the per-attempt Beta(2,8) default, expected reach over 6 attempts is 1 - B(2,14)/B(2,8) = 0.66, inside the cited 0.60-0.94 range. |
contact_success_probabilityChance one navigator attempt reaches the person. A distribution is drawn once per person (heterogeneous reachability). | beta(alpha=2, beta=8) probability | synthetic assumption No per-attempt rate is published; Beta(2,8) (mean 0.20) is anchored on cited cumulative reach. Research grade: very low. |
retry_delay_hoursWait before the next attempt. | triangular(high=96, low=24, mode=48) hours | synthetic assumption Illustrative placeholder; no cited evidence adopted for this value. |
appointment_lead_daysBooking-to-appointment time. | lognormal(mu=2.65, sigma=0.83) days | public evidence Moment-matched to a 20-day mean with an assumed CV of 1 (median ~14 days). Cited waits are metropolitan; rural waits were not measured. |
no_show_probabilityChance a booked appointment is missed. A distribution is drawn once per person. | beta(alpha=3, beta=17) probability | public evidence Beta(3,17), mean 0.15, spans cited rates of 8% (rural network) to ~23% (systematic review). Definitions of no-show vary across sources. |
adapter_timeout_secondsHow long to wait for the intervention before falling back. | 30 seconds | synthetic assumption |
Evidence behind the defaults
nav_contact_cumulative_reach_probevidence: lowthin or conflictingProbability that a navigator or outreach worker eventually reaches a patient by phone after a full attempt protocol.
Three heterogeneous studies with differing attempt protocols.
- Coronado GD et al. (2025). Patient Navigation to Improve Colonoscopy Completion After an Abnormal Stool Test Result: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- Dietrich AJ et al. (2013). Telephone outreach to increase colon cancer screening in medicaid managed care organizations: a randomized controlled trial
- Patel MP et al. (2018). Closing the Referral Loop: an Analysis of Primary Care Referrals to Specialists in a Large Health System
nav_contact_per_attempt_success_probevidence: very lowthin or conflictingProbability that a single outbound phone attempt reaches the patient (live conversation).
Derived from a cumulative figure under strong assumptions.
nav_appointment_lead_time_daysevidence: lowthin or conflictingDays from scheduling request (or referral) to the appointment date for a new specialist or primary care visit.
Means are verified, but no individual-level distribution was verified.
nav_no_show_rate_baselineevidence: moderatethin or conflictingBaseline probability that a scheduled outpatient appointment is a no-show (no reminder or navigation effects applied).
A large SLR plus large US cohorts, but very heterogeneous.
- Dantas LF et al. (2018). No-shows in appointment scheduling - a systematic literature review
- Kheirkhah P et al. (2016). Prevalence, predictors and economic consequences of no-shows
- Shour A et al. (2023). Distance Matters: Investigating No-Shows in a Large Rural Provider Network
- McMullen MJ et al. (2015). Lead time for appointment and the no-show rate in an ophthalmology clinic
- Patel MP et al. (2018). Closing the Referral Loop: an Analysis of Primary Care Referrals to Specialists in a Large Health System